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Auteur Kjetil Tronvoll |
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Meret Shehena, ‘Brothers' Land’ S. F. Nadel's Land Tenure on the Eritrean Plateau Revisited / Kjetil Tronvoll in Africa, 70/4 (2000)
[article]
Titre : Meret Shehena, ‘Brothers' Land’ S. F. Nadel's Land Tenure on the Eritrean Plateau Revisited Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Kjetil Tronvoll, Auteur Année de publication : 2000 Article en page(s) : pp. 595-613. Langues : Anglais (eng) Résumé : This article revisits S.F. Nadel's study on land tenure in highland Eritrea from the mid‐1940s, and presents the current framework of the communal land tenure system of meret shehena. Under the meret shehena system, all land under the domain of the village is perceived as the common property of the village inhabitants. To restrict outsiders access to land, habitation rights (tisha) to the villages is guided by agnatic descent, and individuals obtain usufruct rights to land through residence in the village. The article proves that since Nadel's study almost sixty years ago, descent rules defining habitation rights have been changed, in order to restrict distant descendants returning to the village and claiming their land rights. Nevertheless, the overall workings of the system that redistributes all shehena land every seventh year to the village inhabitants, shows a remarkable resemblance to the observations made by Nadel. It appears that the customary operational guidelines of the system are virtually unaffected by wars and political turbulence during the last fifty years, following the core principle that each male adult individual with habitation rights (tisha) who marries and establishes a separate household, will be entitled to an equal share (gibri) of the village land, in order to secure the livelihood of all household members.
in Africa > 70/4 (2000) . - pp. 595-613.[article] Meret Shehena, ‘Brothers' Land’ S. F. Nadel's Land Tenure on the Eritrean Plateau Revisited [texte imprimé] / Kjetil Tronvoll, Auteur . - 2000 . - pp. 595-613.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Africa > 70/4 (2000) . - pp. 595-613.
Résumé : This article revisits S.F. Nadel's study on land tenure in highland Eritrea from the mid‐1940s, and presents the current framework of the communal land tenure system of meret shehena. Under the meret shehena system, all land under the domain of the village is perceived as the common property of the village inhabitants. To restrict outsiders access to land, habitation rights (tisha) to the villages is guided by agnatic descent, and individuals obtain usufruct rights to land through residence in the village. The article proves that since Nadel's study almost sixty years ago, descent rules defining habitation rights have been changed, in order to restrict distant descendants returning to the village and claiming their land rights. Nevertheless, the overall workings of the system that redistributes all shehena land every seventh year to the village inhabitants, shows a remarkable resemblance to the observations made by Nadel. It appears that the customary operational guidelines of the system are virtually unaffected by wars and political turbulence during the last fifty years, following the core principle that each male adult individual with habitation rights (tisha) who marries and establishes a separate household, will be entitled to an equal share (gibri) of the village land, in order to secure the livelihood of all household members. The 2008 Ethiopian local elections / Lovise Aalen in African Affairs, Vol. 108/430 (2009)
[article]
Titre : The 2008 Ethiopian local elections : The return of electoral authoritarianism Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Lovise Aalen, Auteur ; Kjetil Tronvoll, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : pp. 111-120. Langues : Anglais (eng)
in African Affairs > Vol. 108/430 (2009) . - pp. 111-120.[article] The 2008 Ethiopian local elections : The return of electoral authoritarianism [texte imprimé] / Lovise Aalen, Auteur ; Kjetil Tronvoll, Auteur . - 2009 . - pp. 111-120.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in African Affairs > Vol. 108/430 (2009) . - pp. 111-120.The Ethiopian 2010 federal and regional elections / Kjetil Tronvoll in African Affairs, Vol. 110/438 (2011)
[article]
Titre : The Ethiopian 2010 federal and regional elections : Re-establishing the one-party state Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Kjetil Tronvoll, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 121-136. Langues : Anglais (eng) Résumé : E thiopia conducted its fourth federal and regional election on 23 May 2010. Considering the widespread pre-election interest and excitement the 2005 election attracted, and the vigorous role played by the opposition both during the campaign and in the post-election turmoil, the 2010 process was a huge let-down. The general impression among Ethiopians was that the outcome was a foregone conclusion, so the electorate was rather passively, or perhaps reluctantly, following the campaign and election discourse. The only excitement was related to how overwhelmingly the incumbent Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) would win; the general guesstimate was that the huge opposition gains in the 2005 elections, giving them one-third of the seats in the House of Representatives, would be pushed back in order for EPRDF to secure a solid victory of between 75–85 percent of the seats. It thus raised some eyebrows both domestically and internationally when the National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) declared that EPRDF had secured 99.6 percent of the seats in Parliament – all but two, one going to the opposition and one to an EPRDF-friendly independent candidate.
What happened in the 2010 electoral process, or before, that can explain the radical setback for the opposition and the total victory of EPRDF? Does the election outcome represent the genuine will of the Ethiopian electorate? Is it true, as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi asserts, that EPRDF actually is that popular? This briefing offers three broad categories, each with three sets of interconnected and reinforcing factors, explaining the shift of political climate in Ethiopia since the 2005 elections, making sense of the ‘better-than-Soviet-style’ 2010 election result. First, however, a brief background to Ethiopia's electoral transition is presented and an analysis of the political context prior to the run-up to the 2010 election. Thereafter, the article turns to …
in African Affairs > Vol. 110/438 (2011) . - pp. 121-136.[article] The Ethiopian 2010 federal and regional elections : Re-establishing the one-party state [texte imprimé] / Kjetil Tronvoll, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 121-136.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in African Affairs > Vol. 110/438 (2011) . - pp. 121-136.
Résumé : E thiopia conducted its fourth federal and regional election on 23 May 2010. Considering the widespread pre-election interest and excitement the 2005 election attracted, and the vigorous role played by the opposition both during the campaign and in the post-election turmoil, the 2010 process was a huge let-down. The general impression among Ethiopians was that the outcome was a foregone conclusion, so the electorate was rather passively, or perhaps reluctantly, following the campaign and election discourse. The only excitement was related to how overwhelmingly the incumbent Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) would win; the general guesstimate was that the huge opposition gains in the 2005 elections, giving them one-third of the seats in the House of Representatives, would be pushed back in order for EPRDF to secure a solid victory of between 75–85 percent of the seats. It thus raised some eyebrows both domestically and internationally when the National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) declared that EPRDF had secured 99.6 percent of the seats in Parliament – all but two, one going to the opposition and one to an EPRDF-friendly independent candidate.
What happened in the 2010 electoral process, or before, that can explain the radical setback for the opposition and the total victory of EPRDF? Does the election outcome represent the genuine will of the Ethiopian electorate? Is it true, as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi asserts, that EPRDF actually is that popular? This briefing offers three broad categories, each with three sets of interconnected and reinforcing factors, explaining the shift of political climate in Ethiopia since the 2005 elections, making sense of the ‘better-than-Soviet-style’ 2010 election result. First, however, a brief background to Ethiopia's electoral transition is presented and an analysis of the political context prior to the run-up to the 2010 election. Thereafter, the article turns to …